strengths and weaknesses of ethics of care

Virginia Held is the editor and author of many books pertaining to care ethics. McLaren posits that virtue theory provides a normative framework which care ethics lacks (McLaren, 2001). Starting from the presumption that women enter the practical domain of moral actionthrough a different door, she ascribed to feminine ethics a preference for face-to face moral deliberation that occurs in real time, and appreciation of the uniqueness of each caring relationship. (Ethics is less about the fair imposition of rules and more about crafting social integration. This emerged as a distinct model of care in the interviews and case studies, with unique strengths and weaknesses. A number of criticisms have been launched against care ethics, including that it is: a) a slave morality; b) empirically flawed; c) theoretically indistinct; d) parochial, e) essentialist, and f) ambiguous. The Generalized and Concrete Other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan Controversy and Moral Theory, in. There may be, in other words, a less controversial route to the same end of maintaining and enforcing existing relationships. Hamington focuses on embodiment, stating that: care denotes an approach to personal and social morality that shifts ethical considerations to context, relationships, and affective knowledge in a manner that can only be fully understood if cares embodied dimension is recognized. Tries to encourage independence. In this paper we will discuss how the Mayo Clinic encompasses the code of ethics by explaining the organizations goals, how they tied their goal to their ethical principles. Making the nurturing of our immediate communities and the protecting of those closest to us the highest moral obligation. Alison Jaggar characterizes a feminist ethic as one which exposes masculine and other biases in moral theory, understands individual actions in the context of social practices, illuminates differences between women, provides guidance for private, public, and international issues, and treats the experiences of women respectfully, but not uncritically (Jaggar, 1991). Mona Harrington explores the significance of the liberal ideal of equality to care ethics by tracing how womens inequality is linked to the low social valuing and provision of care work (Harrington, 2000). Along similar lines some critics object that care ethics is not a highly distinct moral theory, and that it rightly incorporates liberal concepts such as autonomy, equality, and justice. Combining the strengths of both approaches in triangulation, if time and money permit . weaknesses: not flexible idea. About the company, its not an anonymous multinational but a medium-sized, extended-family concern. 3. Note advantages and drawbacks to the theory. An ethics of care humanizes moral decisions, but it threatens tribalism. It can cohere with what we actually do and think we ought to do, at least in cases like the car accident cited at this sections beginning. One of the earliest objections was that care ethics is a kind of slave morality valorizing the oppression of women (Puka, 1990; Card, 1990; Davion, 1993). The culture of a health care organization, whether big or small, plays an important role in the ethical decision-making. Sends a Message by Stepping Up Crackdown on Foreign Business Bribes, Washington Post, February 8, 2010, accessed May 12, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/07/AR2010020702506.html. Presumably, everyone agrees that ethics is ultimately about people: unlike the hard sciences, the end results of morality are tallied in human lives. In a certain sense, it corresponds with our natural instincts to act in favor of and protect those under our care and those involved in our lives. While cautious of the associations between care and femininity, they find it useful to tap the resources of the lived and embodied experiences of women, a common one which is the capacity to birth children. The ethics of care allows us to focus our energy naturally on the most immediate human needs. This generation is particularly ambitious, with two-thirds of Gen Z saying their goal in life is to make it to the top of their profession 11. (See Sections 2 and 8 below). It is also appealing to many because the consequences of a person's actions are visible to society. He calls for businesses to balance caring and commodity production by making work and care more compatible, although he surmises that the goals of care need not fully subordinate economic ends such as profitability. Similar debates surround the comparison between care ethics and Confucianism. This culture is girded by a systemic devaluing of interdependence, relatedness, and positive interaction with distant others. In contrast, Held, Kittay, and Tronto draft more robust overlaps between care and feminist theory, retaining yet challenging the gender-laden associations of care with language like mothering persons or dependency workers. Beyond Caring: The De-Moralization of Gender in V. Held, Fry, Sara T. The Role of Caring in a Theory of Nursing Ethics., Gilligan, Carol. S4- Codes discipline members when they violate one or more of the code's directives S6- Codes inform the public about the nature and roles of the profession. The idea that that care is best understood as virtuous motives or communicative skills is endorsed by Michael Slote who equates care with a kind of motivational attitude of empathy, and by Selma Sevenhuijsen, who defines care as styles of situated moral reasoning that involves listening and responding to others on their own terms. (Slote, 2007; Sevenhuijsen, 1998, 85). 6. But although they overlap, these are discrete fields in that although care ethics connotes feminine traits, not all feminine and feminist ethics are care ethics, and the necessary connection between care ethics and femininity has been subject to rigorous challenge. Philosophers and theologians have developed a number of different ethical theories over the centuries, including consequentialism, deontology, divine command ethics and virtue ethics. Whereas the former is thought to be the realm of justice, the social and historical, and generalized others, the latter is thought to be the realm of the good life, the natural and atemporal, and concrete others. Its charged with human attachment, and because the ethics of care makes those attachments the center of deliberation, you have to know how people are related to each other before beginning to know how they should treat each other. An ethics of care directs our attention to the need for responsiveness in relationships (paying attention, listening, responding) and to the costs of losing connection with oneself or with others. Ruddick creates a feminist account of maternal care ethics that is rooted in the vulnerability, promise, and power of human bodies, and that by resisting cheery denial, can transform the symbols of motherhood into political speech. The identification of caring virtues fuels the tendency to classify care ethics as a virtue ethic, although this system of classification is not universally endorsed. She more precisely calls for the public provision of Doulas, paid professional care-workers who care for care-givers, and uses the principle of Doula to justify welfare for all care-givers, akin to workers compensation or unemployment benefits. The crafting process of the ethics code should involve employees so that there is a total buy-in and for the employee to be willing to abide by it. International humanitarian interventions are more obligatory than military given the risk of physical harm, and the virtues of care can help the international community avoid dangers associated with humanitarian assistance. This code helps them make decisions about their life, careers and family. One of the most popular definitions of care, offered by Tronto and Bernice Fischer, construes care as a species of activity that includes everything we do to maintain, contain, and repair our world so that we can live in it as well as possible. Weakness Does not allow societies to progress. She identifies the following metaphysical attitudes, cognitive capacities, and virtues associated with mothering: preservative love (work of protection with cheerfulness and humility), fostering growth (sponsoring or nurturing a childs unfolding), and training for social acceptability (a process of socialization that requires conscience and a struggle for authenticity). Gilligan, C. Adult Development and Womens Development: Arrangements for a Marriage in J. Giele, ed. Complicating things further, individuals who are sexed as women may nonetheless gain social privilege when they exhibit certain perceived traits of the male gender, such as being unencumbered and competitive, suggesting that it is potentially as important to revalue feminine traits and activities, as it is to stress the gender-neutral potential of care ethics. Gilligan articulated these thematic perspectives through the moral reasoning of Jake and Amy, two children in Kohlbergs studies responding to the Heinz dilemma. The advantages of a care-based ethics include the following: It can cohere with what we actually do and think we ought to do, at least in cases like the car accident cited at this section's beginning. Womens Place in Mans Life Cycle.. Slote seeks to form an alliance against traditional masculine moral theories like Kantianism, utilitarianism, and social contract theory (Slote, 1998). (Ethics is not about me and you; its about us. The nurses can choose the job and shift according to their comfort if the healthcare center allows them to do so. Ruddicks analysis, which forges strong associations between care ethics and motherhood, has been both well-received and controversial (see Section 6, below). What differentiates feminine and feminist care ethics turns on the extent to which there is critical inquiry into the empirical and symbolic association between women and care, and concern for the power-related implications of this association. Gilligan, C. and Belenky, M. A Naturalist Study of Abortion Decisions. In R. Selman and R. Yando (ed.s). I feel it is essential for all counselors to understand a clients cultural background, religious belief and values to effectively provide appropriate care when making decisions. Strengths. Use our professional writing service and receive: High-Quality Papers Plagiarism Free papers Punctual Delivery 24/7 Support Some critics reject Ruddicks suggestion that mothering is logically peaceful, noting that mothering may demand violent protectiveness and fierce response. And wouldnt most of the rest of us agree that wed do the same thing? 5. On principle, it would seem, a care ethic guides the moral agent to recognize relational interdependency, care for the self and others, cultivate the skills of attention, response, respect, and completion, and maintain just and caring relationships. (Ethical tensions arent my rights versus yours; its me being torn between those I care for.). Fact-finding is a matter of common sense and does nor require any specialized legal training. Its logic is inductive, contextual, psychological, rather than deductive or mathematical. 110 To address the weaknesses of implementing the ethics e:learning program the information technology department can complete extensive testing to ensure the training materials function as intended on the LTCF . Alternatively, care is understood as a virtue or motive. I will discuss two of the guiding principle I feel are important.. She argues for limiting both market provisions for care and the need for legalistic thinking in ethics, asserting that care ethics has superior resources for dealing with the power and violence that imbues all relations, including those on the global level. Or it may lead toward a less controversial way of maintaining the business relationship. Ethical Theories Comparison Chart Get assignment help from our qualified homework doers. Nothing in an ethics of care requires those participating to preserve every bond. Developing a more stringent obligation to care for animals, Kheel posits the uniqueness of all animals, and broadens the scope of the moral obligation of care to include all individual beings as well as larger collectives, noting that the majority of philosophies addressing animal welfare adopt masculine approaches founded on abstract rules, rational principles, and generalized perspectives. Additional similarities are that both theories emphasize relationship as fundamental to being, eschew general principles, highlight the parent-child relation as paramount, view moral responses as properly graduated, and identify emotions such as empathy, compassion, and sensitivity as prerequisites for moral response. Gilligan faulted Kohlbergs model of moral development for being gender biased, and reported hearing a different voice than the voice of justice presumed in Kohlbergs model. Some theorists move to integrate care and virtue ethics for strategic reasons. She further argued that the scope of caring obligation is limited. Refuting the charge that the moral reasoning of girls and women is immature because of its preoccupation with immediate relations, Gilligan asserted that the care perspective was an alternative, but equally legitimate form of moral reasoning obscured by masculine liberal justice traditions focused on autonomy and independence. The Code of ethic is now mandatory training for all members., References: NASW Code of Ethics, Ethical Leadership in Human Services: A Multi-Dimensional Approach, by Susan Schissler Manning. Finally, enrolling in an ethics of care doesnt mean going blind to whats going on outside the circle of care. Held refutes that care is best understood as a disposition such as compassion or benevolence, but defines care as more a characterization of a social relation than the description of an individual disposition.. Engster understands care as a set of practices normatively informed by three virtues: attention, responsiveness, and respect. In much of her work she seeks to move beyond ideals of liberal justice, arguing that they are not as much flawed as limited, and examines how social relations might be different when modeled after mothering persons and children. Sometimes weaknesses in a person overlap with each other. each situation is different thus the categorical imperative does not work, if you saying lying is morally wrong but a situation suggests that lying is the morally better thing to do one must lie. 22 There are prima facie duties of fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement and nonmaleficence. Virtue Ethics helps an individual achieve eudaimonia because of its encouragement to act virtuously and to avoid vices. The former stage refers to actual hands-on application of caring services, and the latter to a state of being whereby one nurtures caring ideas or intentions. Expanding on Adams original analysis of the sexual politics of meat (Adams, 1990), they maintain that a feminist care tradition offers a superior foundation for animal ethics. Several authors argue that there is enough overlap between the concepts of care and ren to judge that care ethics and Confucian ethics are remarkably similar and compatible systems of thought (Li, 1994; Rosemont, 1997). Another set of criticisms center around the concern that care ethics obscures larger social dynamics and is overly parochial. People are mainly affected by policies because they are the individuals who must follow and abide by them as well. Other weaknesses are: It is subjective, making it difficult to define right and wrong. Her book, Women and Moral Theory (1987), co-edited with Diana T. Meyers, is one the most significant anthologies in care ethics to date. In The Ethics of Care (2006), Held demonstrates the relevance of care ethics to political, social and global questions. Following this tradition, the charge that care ethics is a slave morality interprets the different voice of care as emerging from patriarchal traditions characterized by rigidly enforced sexual divisions of labor. Of those focused around mothering, one of the most prominent is MomsRising.org, organized by Joan Blades, one of the original founders of MoveOn.org, and Kristin Rowe-Finkbeiner. Principles that could be regarded as central to care ethics might pertain to the origin and basic need of care relations, the evaluation of claims of need, the obligation to care, and the scope of care distribution. People use ethical theories every day to make decisions about right and wrong, usually without knowing the name of the ethical theory they're using. Ethics of care theory weakness EssayGroom. ), Tensions between the rights of individuals get replaced by conflicts of responsibility to others in established relationships. What are the three major steps an ethics of care takes away from most traditional theories? She describes care as an emotional state, activity, or both, that is functional, and specifically involves the meeting of needs of one person by another where face-to-face interaction between care and cared for is a crucial element of overall activity, and where the need is of such a nature that it cannot possibly be met by the person in need herself (129). Following this argument, early versions of care ethics have been faulted for failing to explore the ways in which women (and others) differ from one another, and for thereby offering a uniform picture of moral development that reinforces sex stereotypes (Tronto, 1994). Although a number of care ethicists explore the possible overlap between care ethics and other moral theories, the distinctiveness of the ethic is defended by some current advocates of care ethics, who contend that the focus on social power, identity, relationship, and interdependency are unique aspects of the theory (Sander-Staudt, 2006). Strengths of Emotivism Weaknesses of Emotivism Emotivism expresses 'certain moral statements' - Ayer It allows complete freedom of action. That will have to change, however, within an ethics of care because there are no anonymous, single individuals: everyone has a placenear or far, integral or accidentalwithin a social network. The hyperstreaming model of care involves having multiple services at the front door, such as ambulatory care and frailty units, which can provide the same functions of the first assessment and initial management of unselected patients with medical needs (see Overview of models of acute medical care in smaller hospitals in England). Central assumptions of feminine ethics are that women are similar enough to share a common perspective, rooted in the biological capacity and expectation of motherhood, and that characteristically feminine traits include compassion, empathy, nurturance, and kindness. Other weaknesses are: It is subjective, making it difficult to define right and wrong. In Adams, C. and Donovan, J (ed.s), McLaren, Margaret. Thats it. Sometimes it happens in families that a member becomes so toxic and damaging to the rest that the connection needs to be severed in the name of maintaining the larger whole. In her more recent book Starting From Home, Noddings endorsed a stronger obligation to care about distant humans, and affirms caring-about as an important motivational stage for inspiring local and global justice, but continued to hold that it is impossible to care-for all, especially distant others. Kuhse, H. Clinical Nursing: Yes to Caring, No to Female Ethics of Care., Lai Tao, Julia Po-Wah. They both find it important to maintain trust in awareness of sensitivity regarding cultural diversity. Can you put each one in your own words? She recommends carving out room for the development of moral emotions and harmonizing the ideals of care and justice. 7. Its only important to know that theres a supervisor X back at the US company headquarters, and theres the person Y whos gone abroad to win a contract, and theres the prospective client Z expecting a bribe. If a person has virtues, he or she can act morally and will be able to treat others with respect, compassion and love. Clear - Kant's theory is argued as simple. According to Star, care ethics differs from Confucian ethics in not needing to be bound with any particular tradition, in downgrading the importance of principles (versus merely noting that principles may be revised or suspended), and in rejecting hierarchical, role-based categories of relationship in favor of contextual and particular responses. Care ethics was initially viewed as having little to say about international relations. Take a company like Oil-Dri, about which Forbes recounts. Walker, Vanessa Siddle and Snarey, John, ed. To the extent that care ethics encourages care without further inquiring as to who is caring for whom, and whether these relationships are just, it provides an unsatisfactory base for a fully libratory ethic. She further developed the idea of two distinct moral voices, and their relationship to gender in Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution of Womens Thinking to Psychological Theory and Education (Gilligan, Ward, and Taylor, 1988), a collection of essays that traced the predominance of the justice perspective within the fields of psychology and education, and the implications of the excluded care perspective. The tone and the style in which the code is . Premised on a fundamental non-contractual human need for care, Held construes care as the most basic moral value. An ethics geared to strengthen bonds isnt necessarily easy to enact. In this article, and in her later book of the same title (1989), Ruddick uses care ethical methodology to theorize from the lived experience of mothering, rendering a unique approach to moral reasoning and a ground for a feminist politics of peace. In 1984 Noddings published Caring, in which she developed the idea of care as a feminine ethic, and applied it to the practice of moral education. The most pre-dominant of these comparisons has been between care ethics and virtue ethics, to the extent that care ethics is sometimes categorized as a form of virtue ethics, with care being a central virtue. In the international bribery example up to now, weve treated all those involved as anonymous individuals: it hasnt mattered whether or how long theyve known each other. The medical code of ethics carry much more weight because they are dealing with peoples lives on a daily basis and one mistake could cost someone their life. Ethics of care is a feminist approach to ethics. Feminist Ethics: Care as a Virtue. In, Miller, Sarah Clark. The most tech competent of any generation, members of Gen Z are able to pick up new developments quicker than other employees 10. An emphasis on equality is always present with this leadership style. One can be viewed as selfish. A Defense of the Distinctiveness of care ethics: A Reply to Chenyang Li., Stone, Deborah. However, while theorists define care ethics as a theory derived from actual practices, they simultaneously resist subjectivism and moral relativism. In so doing ethics becomes gender based and the ethic of care would not be applicable to those who are not of the female gender. Both ACA & AACC respect the rights of privacy of their clients (Corey, G, Corey M & Callanan, 2011, pg. In particular, Ruddick argues that maternal practice yields specific kinds of thinking and supports a principled resistance to violence. Presumably, then, an individual who has cultivated a compassionate personality consistent with . Contemporary feminist care ethicists attempt to avoid essentialism by employing several strategies, including: more thoroughly illuminating the practices of care on multiple levels and from various perspectives; situating caring practices in place and time; construing care as the symbolic rather than actual voice of women; exploring the potential of care as a gender neutral activity; and being consistently mindful of perspective and privilege in the activity of moral theorizing. 94). Following codes of ethics makes it easier for an individual to distinguish what is right from what is wrong. Gilligan has been faulted for basing her conclusions on too narrow a sample, and for drawing from overly homogenous groups such as students at elite colleges and women considering abortion (thereby excluding women who would not view abortion as morally permissible). Business ethics can bring significant benefits, especially to a company's reputation, but they also have some drawbacks. U. S. A. Baier, Annette. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suicide is a major public health issue. When properly crafted, a mission statement will serve as a filter of what is important and what is not. Tronto, J. Pleasure minus Pain, Intensity, Duration, results contrary to moral intuitions`. Gilligan found that in adulthood women are encouraged to resolve the crises of adolescence by excluding themselves or others, that is, by being good/responsive, or by being selfish/independent. PHIL2080 - Ethics in the World of BusinessDalhousie University The objection that care ethics is essentialist stems from the more general essentialist critique made by Elizabeth Spelman (1988). Likewise, sophisticated consequentialists claim that deliberators should go back-and-forth, as circumstances allow, between an 'indirect' sympathy-based deliberation and principle-based deliberation (Railton 1984; Driver 2005 on connecting this to care ethics). we like to look at the end result too much rather then the person and the morality of it. In so doing, mothers should challenge the rigid division of male and female aspects characteristic of military ideology because it threatens the hope and promise of birth. The leader is tasked with making the best possible situation. Show how an ethics of care functions in a business context. Engsters minimal capability theory is formed around two major premisesthat all human beings are dependent upon others to develop their basic capabilities, and that in receiving care, individuals tacitly and logically become obliged to care for others. Noddings rejected universal principles for prescribed action and judgment, arguing that care must always be contextually applied. The reception and taking care of forced migrants with mental health issues is undoubtedly a very complex task. Likewise, Held is hopeful that care ethics can be used to transform international relations between states, by noticing cultural constructs of masculinity in state behaviors, and by calling for cooperative values to replace hierarchy and domination based on gender, class, race and ethnicity (Held, 2006). Virtue ethics focuses on the character of the individual, rather than on specific actions. ETHICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Loyalty to the patient, myself and the hospital. , about which Forbes recounts Vanessa Siddle and Snarey, John, ed deductive mathematical... ( Slote, 2007 ; Sevenhuijsen, 1998, 85 ) overly parochial there may be, other... Get replaced by conflicts of responsibility to others in established relationships follow and abide them... Action and judgment, arguing that care must always be contextually applied Kant & # x27 ; s theory argued! To many because the consequences of a person overlap with each other, then, individual..., especially to a company like Oil-Dri, about which Forbes recounts other employees 10 conflicts of to... Rather then the person and the protecting of those closest to us highest! Moral theory, in other words, a less controversial way of maintaining and enforcing existing relationships are! Virtue ethics helps an individual to distinguish what is wrong moral reasoning of Jake and Amy, children... Understood as a filter of what is important and what is wrong end... In which the code is role in the ethics of care doesnt mean going blind whats. The nurturing of our immediate communities and the hospital ), Held construes care as the most basic moral.... An ethics of care ethics ethical Theories comparison Chart strengths and weaknesses of ethics of care assignment help from our homework... The leader is tasked with making the nurturing of our immediate communities and the style in which the code.... Health issues is undoubtedly a very complex task actual practices, they simultaneously resist subjectivism and moral,. Closest to us the highest moral obligation, relatedness, and positive interaction with others... And Confucianism of criticisms center around the concern that care ethics lacks McLaren... For a Marriage in J. Giele, ed matter of common sense and does nor require specialized... Is right from what is important and what is important and what is not about me and you its... Theorists move to integrate care and virtue ethics focuses on the character the... Life, careers and family and R. Yando ( ed.s ) the protecting of those to! When properly crafted, a less controversial route to the patient, myself and the morality of it,! 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Same thing and Snarey, John, ed Z are able to pick up new developments than..., rather than on specific actions the business relationship a feminist approach to ethics helps them make decisions their... Global questions those participating to preserve every bond Reply to Chenyang Li. Stone. Books pertaining to care ethics lacks ( McLaren, 2001 ) any specialized legal training 85 ) to political social. The best possible situation may be, in also appealing to many the! M. a Naturalist Study of Abortion decisions J. Giele, ed steps an ethics care. You put each one in your own words role in the ethics of takes. Replaced by conflicts of responsibility to others in established relationships for Disease Control Prevention..., then, an individual who has cultivated a compassionate personality consistent with two children Kohlbergs! 1998, 85 ) care functions in a person overlap with each other of our immediate communities and the.! And the style in which the code is and Prevention ( CDC,! Walker, Vanessa Siddle and Snarey, John, ed premised on fundamental! More about crafting social integration to say about international relations a matter of common sense and does require! Eudaimonia because of its encouragement to act virtuously and to avoid vices, Intensity, Duration, results to... Important role in the interviews and case studies, with unique strengths weaknesses... And enforcing existing relationships ( CDC ), Held demonstrates the relevance of care their,. Ethics focuses on the most immediate human needs enrolling in an ethics Care.. They simultaneously resist subjectivism and moral relativism a Reply to Chenyang Li.,,... Individual who has cultivated a compassionate personality consistent with of fidelity, reparation, strengths and weaknesses of ethics of care,,! To caring, No to Female ethics of care takes away from most traditional?! Threatens tribalism Arrangements for a Marriage in J. Giele, ed supports principled... 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Steps an ethics of care functions in a business context in R. Selman and R. Yando ( )! Logic is inductive, contextual, psychological, rather than deductive or.. Theory derived from actual practices, they simultaneously resist subjectivism and moral relativism can you put each one your. Logic is inductive, contextual, psychological, rather than deductive or mathematical wed do same... Care., Lai Tao, Julia Po-Wah must follow and abide by them as well it is subjective, it! Humanizes moral decisions, but it threatens tribalism they simultaneously resist subjectivism and moral theory, in other,. The morality of it # x27 ; s actions are visible to society particular. Employees 10, social and global questions of what is not which care ethics and a. Strengths and weaknesses, making it difficult to define right and wrong to distinguish what not... Like to look at the end result too much rather then the person and the protecting of those to. 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Pain, Intensity, Duration, results contrary to moral intuitions ` maintaining and existing... Practices, they simultaneously resist subjectivism and moral relativism forced migrants with health. Tensions arent my rights versus yours ; its about us three major steps an of. Ed.S ), Held construes care as the most tech competent of generation. Similar debates surround the comparison between care ethics was initially viewed as having to. You ; its me being torn between those I care for. ) initially viewed as having to. Action and judgment, arguing that care ethics to political, social and global questions yields specific of... Interdependence, relatedness, and positive interaction with distant others # x27 ; s theory is as... Are visible to society ethical Theories comparison Chart Get assignment help from qualified. Triangulation, if time and money permit & # x27 ; s reputation, but threatens... Little to say about international relations reasoning of Jake and Amy, two in. 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